{
  "slug": "e-bike",
  "title": "The European E-bike",
  "summary": "A capability map of the factories, materials, electronics and rules required to make a complete pedal-assist bicycle in Europe.",
  "verificationDate": "2026-08-12",
  "chapters": [
    {"id":"complete-bicycle","title":"Complete bicycle","componentIds":["eu-bicycle-output","ebike-imports"]},
    {"id":"raw-materials","title":"Raw materials","componentIds":["aluminium-chain","recycled-aluminium","copper","carbon-fibre","natural-rubber","rare-earths","battery-minerals"]},
    {"id":"frame-mechanical","title":"Frame and mechanical components","componentIds":["frame","rim","wheelset","cranks","chainrings","hub","brake-master","tyres"]},
    {"id":"motor-electronics","title":"Motor and power electronics","componentIds":["pinion-mgu","qore-drive","motor-copper","motor-magnets"]},
    {"id":"battery","title":"Battery cells and pack","componentIds":["pack-assembly","cells","lithium","graphite","battery-recycling"]},
    {"id":"controls","title":"Controls, sensors, semiconductors, and software","componentIds":["power-semis","microcontrollers","sensor-stack","iot-hardware","embedded-software"]},
    {"id":"assembly","title":"Assembly, logistics, and standards","componentIds":["assembly-rte","assembly-interbike","standards","logistics"]},
    {"id":"circularity","title":"Repair, recycling, and circularity","componentIds":["battery-recycling","tyre-recycling","recycled-aluminium","copper","repair-regulation"]},
    {"id":"verdict","title":"Final strategic verdict","componentIds":["natural-rubber","rare-earths","cells","lithium","graphite","power-semis"]}
  ],
  "components": [
    {"id":"eu-bicycle-output","stage":"complete-bicycle","entity":"EU bicycle manufacturing","manufacturingLocation":"EU-27; Portugal, Romania, Italy and Poland led disclosed 2023 output","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Eurostat recorded 9.7 million non-motorised bicycles produced in the EU in 2023; this proves a broad bicycle manufacturing base, not e-bike-specific origin for every unit.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s01","s03"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"ebike-imports","stage":"complete-bicycle","entity":"EU electric-bicycle trade","manufacturingLocation":"EU market; imports led by Taiwan and Vietnam in 2023","geographicTier":"global","status":"mixed","claim":"The EU imported 867,000 electric bicycles in 2023; 59% of extra-EU imports came from Taiwan and 16% from Vietnam, while EU producers also served the market.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s02"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"aluminium-chain","stage":"raw-materials","entity":"European aluminium chain","manufacturingLocation":"EU-27 and European partner states","geographicTier":"eu27-partner","status":"mixed","claim":"Europe retains bauxite, alumina, primary metal, extrusion and recycling capability, but imports supplied 51% of European primary aluminium consumption in 2023.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s06","s07"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"recycled-aluminium","stage":"raw-materials","entity":"Secondary aluminium","manufacturingLocation":"EU-wide recycling plants; component example in Águeda, Portugal","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"European recyclers can remelt aluminium using a fraction of primary-production energy; Miranda states its Portuguese components use more than 80% recycled aluminium.","confidence":"medium","sourceIds":["s08","s18"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-12"},
    {"id":"copper","stage":"raw-materials","entity":"Aurubis copper and recycling","manufacturingLocation":"Hamburg and Lünen, Germany; Pirdop, Bulgaria; Olen, Belgium","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"mixed","claim":"EU plants smelt, refine and recycle copper suitable for windings and conductors, but primary concentrate feedstocks are partly imported from outside Europe.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s09","s10","s11"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"carbon-fibre","stage":"raw-materials","entity":"SGL carbon-fibre chain","manufacturingLocation":"Lavradio, Portugal to Muir of Ord, Scotland","geographicTier":"uk-partner","status":"partner","claim":"SGL produces carbon-fibre precursor in Portugal and has converted that precursor into carbon fibre at its Scottish facility; the chain crosses from the EU into a UK partner location.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s12"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"natural-rubber","stage":"raw-materials","entity":"Natural rubber for tyres","manufacturingLocation":"Primarily Southeast Asia","geographicTier":"global","status":"external","claim":"Europe can manufacture finished bicycle tyres, but natural-rubber feedstock is imported and its production is concentrated in Southeast Asia.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s05","s23","s49"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-12"},
    {"id":"rare-earths","stage":"raw-materials","entity":"Rare-earth permanent magnets","manufacturingLocation":"Refining concentrated in China","geographicTier":"global","status":"external","claim":"Permanent-magnet motors depend on rare-earth elements; the Commission reports that all rare earths used for permanent magnets in the EU are refined in China.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s04","s05","s31"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"battery-minerals","stage":"raw-materials","entity":"Battery minerals","manufacturingLocation":"Global extraction and refining; limited EU domestic supply","geographicTier":"global","status":"external","claim":"Lithium, cobalt, nickel and graphite supply is not available from EU extraction and processing at the scale needed for a self-contained battery chain.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s04","s05","s32"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"frame","stage":"frame-mechanical","entity":"Triangle’s aluminium e-bike frame","manufacturingLocation":"Águeda, Portugal","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Triangle’s operates automated hydroforming, cutting, welding, heat-treatment and painting for aluminium e-bike frames in Portugal.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s13","s15"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"rim","stage":"frame-mechanical","entity":"RODI aluminium rim","manufacturingLocation":"Aveiro, Portugal","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"RODI designs and manufactures aluminium bicycle rims in Portugal and reports annual output above three million rims.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s16","s17"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"wheelset","stage":"frame-mechanical","entity":"RODI complete wheel","manufacturingLocation":"Aveiro, Portugal","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"RODI manufactures and assembles complete bicycle wheels in Portugal and reports annual output around 400,000 wheels.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s16"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"cranks","stage":"frame-mechanical","entity":"Miranda e-bike crank","manufacturingLocation":"Águeda, Portugal","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Miranda manufactures e-bike cranks at its Águeda facility, with in-house metalworking and assembly capability.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s14","s18"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"chainrings","stage":"frame-mechanical","entity":"Miranda chainring and chainguard","manufacturingLocation":"Águeda, Portugal","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Miranda manufactures chainrings and chainguards for e-bikes in Portugal.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s14"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"hub","stage":"frame-mechanical","entity":"Rohloff SPEEDHUB","manufacturingLocation":"Fuldatal, Germany","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Rohloff states that 99% of its SPEEDHUB is produced in Germany and that 99% of its subcontractors are located there.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s19","s20"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"brake-master","stage":"frame-mechanical","entity":"MAGURA brake master","manufacturingLocation":"Swabian Jura, Germany","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"MAGURA manufactures its Carbotecture bicycle brake masters in factories near its Bad Urach headquarters in Germany.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s21","s22"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"tyres","stage":"frame-mechanical","entity":"Continental bicycle tyres","manufacturingLocation":"Korbach, Germany","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Continental states that a large proportion of its bicycle-tyre range is manufactured in Korbach, Germany. This demonstrates EU finished-tyre capability, not EU origin for natural rubber.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s49"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-12"},
    {"id":"assembly-rte","stage":"assembly","entity":"RTE bicycle integration","manufacturingLocation":"Portugal and Poland","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"RTE operates European bicycle-production sites integrating multiple manufacturing and assembly processes.","confidence":"medium","sourceIds":["s25"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"assembly-interbike","stage":"assembly","entity":"Inter Bike OEM assembly","manufacturingLocation":"Portugal","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Inter Bike states that its Portuguese factory develops and produces conventional bicycles and e-bikes for OEM customers.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s26"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"pinion-mgu","stage":"motor-electronics","entity":"Pinion Motor.Gearbox.Unit","manufacturingLocation":"Denkendorf, Germany; component partners in Germany and Europe","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Pinion develops and assembles its integrated motor-gearbox in Germany and states that most MGU components are produced by partners in Germany and other European countries.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s27","s28"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"qore-drive","stage":"motor-electronics","entity":"Yamaha Motor eBike Systems drive","manufacturingLocation":"Berlin, Germany","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Yamaha acquired Brose's Berlin e-bike drive business in 2025. The operation now develops, manufactures and sells QORE drive systems as Yamaha Motor eBike Systems Germany.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s29","s30"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-12"},
    {"id":"motor-copper","stage":"motor-electronics","entity":"Copper windings","manufacturingLocation":"EU refining and recycling; globally sourced concentrate","geographicTier":"eu27-global","status":"mixed","claim":"Europe can refine and recycle motor-grade copper, while its smelters still rely partly on imported copper concentrates.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s09","s10","s11"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"motor-magnets","stage":"motor-electronics","entity":"Permanent-magnet rotor","manufacturingLocation":"European motor assembly; China-dominant rare-earth refining","geographicTier":"global","status":"external","claim":"A motor may be assembled in Europe while the strategic rare-earth content of its permanent magnets remains externally dependent.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s05","s31"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"pack-assembly","stage":"battery","entity":"European battery-pack engineering","manufacturingLocation":"France and other European sites","geographicTier":"eu27-global","status":"mixed","claim":"Forsee Power designs and assembles light-electric-vehicle battery systems in Europe and has separately disclosed cell sourcing from Chinese manufacturer CALB.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s33","s34","s50"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-12"},
    {"id":"cells","stage":"battery","entity":"Lithium-ion cells","manufacturingLocation":"Global; EU capacity growing from a small base","geographicTier":"global","status":"external","claim":"The EU has cell-manufacturing projects, but official auditors warn that competitiveness and access to raw materials remain at risk; an e-bike pack cannot be presumed to contain EU-made cells.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s32","s35"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"lithium","stage":"battery","entity":"Battery-grade lithium","manufacturingLocation":"Predominantly outside the EU","geographicTier":"global","status":"external","claim":"The EU does not extract and process enough battery-grade lithium to supply current and expected demand without imports.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s04","s05","s32"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"graphite","stage":"battery","entity":"Battery-grade graphite","manufacturingLocation":"Predominantly outside the EU","geographicTier":"global","status":"external","claim":"Battery-grade graphite is designated strategic, and Europe remains dependent on external extraction and processing.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s04","s05"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"battery-recycling","stage":"circularity","entity":"Umicore lithium-ion recycling","manufacturingLocation":"Hoboken, Belgium","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Umicore operates an industrial battery-recycling pilot in Belgium and reports recovery capability for lithium, nickel, cobalt and copper.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s36","s37"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"power-semis","stage":"controls","entity":"Infineon power semiconductors","manufacturingLocation":"Villach, Austria and Dresden, Germany; global network","geographicTier":"eu27-global","status":"mixed","claim":"Infineon has high-volume power-semiconductor fabrication in Austria and Germany, but product supply and packaging operate through a global manufacturing network.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s38","s39"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"microcontrollers","stage":"controls","entity":"STMicroelectronics mixed-signal and MCU capability","manufacturingLocation":"Crolles and Rousset, France; Agrate and Catania, Italy; global back-end","geographicTier":"eu27-global","status":"mixed","claim":"ST manufactures digital, analog, mixed-signal and MEMS devices in EU fabs while also using external foundry and assembly partners for parts of its portfolio.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s40","s41"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"sensor-stack","stage":"controls","entity":"Torque, speed and motion sensors","manufacturingLocation":"EU design and fabrication capability; product-specific origins vary","geographicTier":"eu27-global","status":"mixed","claim":"European fabs can manufacture relevant sensor and control technologies, but a specific e-bike sensor’s die, package and PCB origin must be verified product by product.","confidence":"medium","sourceIds":["s38","s40"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"iot-hardware","stage":"controls","entity":"Comodule e-bike connectivity module","manufacturingLocation":"Tallinn, Estonia","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"Comodule designs, assembles and manufactures e-bike connectivity hardware in its own Tallinn factory.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s42","s43"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"embedded-software","stage":"controls","entity":"European drive and connectivity software","manufacturingLocation":"Denkendorf, Germany; Palencia, Spain; Tallinn, Estonia","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"European teams develop embedded drive control, rider applications and connected-bike software, although cloud and mobile dependencies require separate audits.","confidence":"medium","sourceIds":["s28","s42","s44"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"standards","stage":"assembly","entity":"EU pedelec and battery rules","manufacturingLocation":"EU single market","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"European rules define the pedal-assist category and impose battery safety, information, due-diligence, collection and recycling requirements.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s45","s46"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"logistics","stage":"assembly","entity":"Inbound and intra-EU logistics","manufacturingLocation":"EU assembly clusters linked to global ports and suppliers","geographicTier":"eu27-global","status":"mixed","claim":"European factories can perform final integration close to the market, but cells, electronics, natural rubber, materials and some finished tyre models still enter through global supply routes.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s02","s23","s25","s49"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-12"},
    {"id":"tyre-recycling","stage":"circularity","entity":"Schwalbe tyre recycling loop","manufacturingLocation":"Collection and pyrolysis in Germany; tube devulcanisation and new production in Asia","geographicTier":"eu27-global","status":"mixed","claim":"Used bicycle tyres are collected and processed in Germany, but the recovered material returns to an Asian tyre-production chain.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s24","s47"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"repair-regulation","stage":"circularity","entity":"EU repair framework","manufacturingLocation":"EU single market","geographicTier":"eu27","status":"eu","claim":"EU rules now promote repair and restrict unjustified hardware or software barriers where product-specific repairability requirements apply; coverage of an entire e-bike remains fragmented.","confidence":"high","sourceIds":["s48","s45"],"verificationDate":"2026-08-11"}
  ],
  "connections": [
    {"from":"aluminium-chain","to":"frame"},{"from":"recycled-aluminium","to":"cranks"},{"from":"copper","to":"motor-copper"},{"from":"rare-earths","to":"motor-magnets"},{"from":"battery-minerals","to":"cells"},{"from":"cells","to":"pack-assembly"},{"from":"frame","to":"assembly-rte"},{"from":"rim","to":"wheelset"},{"from":"pinion-mgu","to":"assembly-interbike"},{"from":"power-semis","to":"pinion-mgu"},{"from":"microcontrollers","to":"iot-hardware"},{"from":"iot-hardware","to":"embedded-software"},{"from":"standards","to":"assembly-rte"},{"from":"battery-recycling","to":"battery-minerals"}
  ],
  "sources": [
    {"id":"s01","publisher":"Eurostat","title":"EU production of bicycles down to 9.7 million in 2023","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20241120-2","publicationDate":"2024-11-20","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s02","publisher":"Eurostat","title":"Decrease in trade of bicycles in 2023","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20240603-1","publicationDate":"2024-06-03","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s03","publisher":"Eurostat","title":"PRODCOM information on data","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/prodcom/information-data","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s04","publisher":"JRC RMIS","title":"Critical and Strategic Materials","url":"https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/critical-and-strategic-materials","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s05","publisher":"European Commission","title":"European Critical Raw Materials Act","url":"https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/green-deal-industrial-plan/european-critical-raw-materials-act_en","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s06","publisher":"European Aluminium","title":"Aluminium industry and European value chain","url":"https://european-aluminium.eu/about-aluminium/aluminium-industry/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s07","publisher":"European Aluminium","title":"2024 Environmental Profile executive summary","url":"https://european-aluminium.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/2024-11-07-European-Aluminium-EPR-2024-Executive-Summary.pdf","publicationDate":"2024-11-07","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s08","publisher":"European Aluminium","title":"Enabling the circular economy with aluminium","url":"https://european-aluminium.eu/blog/enabling-the-circular-economy-with-aluminium/","publicationDate":"2022-11-07","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s09","publisher":"Aurubis","title":"E-scrap and complex raw materials","url":"https://www.aurubis.com/en/produkte/recycling/e-Schrott-und-komplexe-rohstoffe","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s10","publisher":"Aurubis","title":"Environmental protection at Hamburg","url":"https://www.aurubis.com/verantwortung/umwelt-energie-und-klima/umweltschutz-an-den-standorten/umweltschutz-am-standort-hamburg","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s11","publisher":"Aurubis Bulgaria","title":"Raw materials and copper recycling","url":"https://www.aurubis.com/en/bulgaria/products/raw-materials","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s12","publisher":"SGL Carbon","title":"Carbon-fibre precursor line in Portugal","url":"https://www.sglcarbon.com/en/newsroom/news/press-report/sgl-group-inaugurates-carbon-fiber-precursor-line-in-portugal/","publicationDate":"2016-09-15","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s13","publisher":"Triangle’s","title":"Production capability","url":"https://triangles.eu/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s14","publisher":"Miranda Bike Parts","title":"E-bike components manufactured in Águeda","url":"https://mirandabikeparts.com/product/e-bikes/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s15","publisher":"Aluminium Stewardship Initiative","title":"Triangle’s member and certified facility","url":"https://aluminium-stewardship.org/about-asi/members/Triangle-s---Cycling-Equipments--S-A-","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s16","publisher":"RODI Industries","title":"RODI Cycling production","url":"https://rodi.pt/en/business/rodi-cycling","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s17","publisher":"RODI Industries","title":"About RODI: Made in Portugal","url":"https://rodi.pt/en/about","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s18","publisher":"Miranda Bike Parts","title":"Sustainable product and recycled aluminium","url":"https://mirandabikeparts.com/sustainable-product/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s19","publisher":"Rohloff","title":"SPEEDHUB production","url":"https://www.rohloff.de/en/products/speedhub","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s20","publisher":"Rohloff","title":"Quality and German subcontractors","url":"https://www.rohloff.de/en/company/rohloff-ag/quality","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s21","publisher":"MAGURA","title":"Service information: Carbotecture production","url":"https://magura.com/service/service-instructions/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s22","publisher":"MAGURA","title":"TechTalk 2024","url":"https://api.magura.com/medias/sys_master/root/h9d/h1e/9906632687646/TechTalk_2024_EN/TechTalk-2024-EN.pdf","publicationDate":"2024-01-01","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s23","publisher":"Schwalbe","title":"Bicycle tyre construction and manufacturing locations","url":"https://www.schwalbe.com/en/technology-faq/tire-construction/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s24","publisher":"Schwalbe","title":"Bike tyre recycling system","url":"https://www.schwalbe.com/en/recycling-system/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s25","publisher":"RTE","title":"European bicycle production operations","url":"https://rte.pt/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s26","publisher":"Inter Bike","title":"Portuguese OEM bicycle factory","url":"https://interbike.pt/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s27","publisher":"Pinion","title":"Company and Made in Germany production","url":"https://pinion.eu/presse/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s28","publisher":"Pinion","title":"Motor.Gearbox.Unit technology","url":"https://pinion.eu/en/e-drive/technology/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s29","publisher":"Yamaha Motor Europe","title":"Yamaha Motor acquires Brose's bicycle eKit business unit","url":"https://www.yamaha-motor.eu/de/de/news/2025/Yamaha_Motor_acquires_Brose-s_bicycle_eKit_business_unit/","publicationDate":"2025-08-01","accessDate":"2026-08-12"},
    {"id":"s30","publisher":"QORE","title":"QORE drive systems by Yamaha Motor eBike Systems Germany","url":"https://www.qore-system.de/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-12"},
    {"id":"s31","publisher":"JRC RMIS","title":"Rare earth elements for magnets profile","url":"https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/rmp/Rare%20Earth%20Elements%20for%20magnets","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s32","publisher":"European Court of Auditors","title":"The EU’s industrial policy on batteries","url":"https://www.eca.europa.eu/en/publications?ref=SR-2023-15","publicationDate":"2023-06-19","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s33","publisher":"Forsee Power","title":"Smart battery systems for light electric vehicles","url":"https://www.forseepower.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2022_04_26_Press_Release_Forsee_Power-SBMC_EN.pdf","publicationDate":"2022-04-26","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s34","publisher":"Forsee Power","title":"Industrial capabilities in Europe and Asia","url":"https://www.forseepower.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/press-release-peugeot-and-forsee-power.pdf","publicationDate":"2023-12-01","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s35","publisher":"European Court of Auditors","title":"Europe is in danger of losing the battery race","url":"https://www.eca.europa.eu/ECAHTMLNews/NEWS-SR-2023-15/en/body.html","publicationDate":"2023-06-19","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s36","publisher":"Umicore","title":"Nickel recycling and refining","url":"https://www.umicore.com/en/markets-products/metals/nickel/recycling-refining/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s37","publisher":"Umicore","title":"Battery recycling solutions","url":"https://www.umicore.com/en/about/battery-materials-solutions/battery-recycling-solutions/start/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s38","publisher":"Infineon","title":"Villach research and production","url":"https://www.infineon.com/regional/austria/research-and-development","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s39","publisher":"Infineon","title":"Villach 300 mm power semiconductor factory","url":"https://www.infineon.com/regional/austria/press-release/2021/mission-future","publicationDate":"2021-09-17","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s40","publisher":"STMicroelectronics","title":"Manufacturing strategic programs","url":"https://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/about/manufacturing-at-st/our-strategic-programs.html","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s41","publisher":"STMicroelectronics","title":"ST at a glance: manufacturing footprint","url":"https://investors.st.com/st-glance","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s42","publisher":"Comodule","title":"Sustainable in-house production","url":"https://www.comodule.com/production","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s43","publisher":"Comodule","title":"Astra e-bike IoT hardware","url":"https://www.comodule.com/astra","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s44","publisher":"MAHLE SmartBike Systems","title":"X20 system and Spanish R&D","url":"https://mahle-smartbike.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/X20-System-Presentation-2.pdf","publicationDate":"2022-07-01","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s45","publisher":"EUR-Lex","title":"Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32023R1542","publicationDate":"2023-07-28","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s46","publisher":"European Commission","title":"Road Safety Thematic Report: Cyclists","url":"https://road-safety.transport.ec.europa.eu/document/download/c82fa210-8707-4402-a9be-b70deded1d5e_en?filename=road_safety_thematic_report_cyclists.pdf","publicationDate":"2023-01-01","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s47","publisher":"Schwalbe","title":"CSR report 2023: production and circularity","url":"https://www.schwalbe.com/media/c8/ca/96/1730108688/EN_Schwalbe_CSR23_final_111024.pdf","publicationDate":"2024-10-11","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s48","publisher":"EUR-Lex","title":"Directive (EU) 2024/1799 on common rules promoting repair","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1799/oj/eng","publicationDate":"2024-07-10","accessDate":"2026-08-11"},
    {"id":"s49","publisher":"Continental","title":"Bicycle tyres handmade in Germany","url":"https://www.continental-tires.com/about-us/our-company/our-portfolio/Two-Wheel-Tires/","publicationDate":null,"accessDate":"2026-08-12"},
    {"id":"s50","publisher":"Forsee Power","title":"Cell-supply partnership with CALB","url":"https://www.forseepower.com/fr/communique-de-presse/forsee-power-signe-un-partenariat-avec-calb-pour-l-achat-de-cellules-de-batterie-et-renforce-sa-strategie-d-approvisionnement-responsable-31-01-2023/","publicationDate":"2023-01-31","accessDate":"2026-08-12"}
  ]
}